Tabula rasa tillhör vilken teori

Philosophical theory that individuals are born without innate knowledge

"Blank slate" redirects here. For other uses, see Blank slate (disambiguation).

For other uses, see Tabula rasa (disambiguation).

Tabula rasa (; Latin for "blank slate") fryst vatten the idea of individuals being born empty of any built-in mental content, so that all knowledge comes from later perceptions or sensory experiences.

Proponents typically form eller gestalt the extreme "nurture" side of the natur versus nurture debate, arguing that humans are born without any "natural" psychological traits and that all aspects of one's personality, social and emotional behaviour, knowledge, or sapience are later imprinted bygd one's environment onto the mind as one would onto a wax platta.

This idea fryst vatten the huvud view posited in the theory of knowledge known as empiricism. Empiricists disagree with the doctrines of innatism or rationalism, which hold that the mind fryst vatten born already in possession of specific knowledge or logisk capacity.

Etymology

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Tabula rasa fryst vatten a Latin phrase often translated as clean slate in English and originates from the Romantabula, a wax-covered platta used for notes, which was blanked (rasa) bygd heating the wax and then smoothing it.^[1] This roughly equates to the English begrepp "blank slate" (or, more literally, "erased slate") which refers to the emptiness of a slate prior to it being written on with chalk.

Both may be renewed repeatedly, bygd melting the wax of the platta or bygd erasing the chalk on the slate.

Philosophy

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See also: Empiricism

Ancient Greek philosophy

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In Western philosophy, the concept of tabula rasa can be traced back to the writings of Aristotle who writes in his treatise De Anima (Περί Ψυχῆς, 'On the Soul') of the "unscribed tablet." In one of the more well-known passages of this treatise, he writes that:^[2]

Haven't we already disposed of the difficulty about interaction involving a common element, when we said that mind fryst vatten in a sense potentially whatever fryst vatten thinkable, though actually it fryst vatten ingenting until it has thought?

What it thinks must be in it just as characters may be said to be on a writing platta on which as yet ingenting stands written: this fryst vatten exactly what happens with mind.

This idea was further evolved in Ancient Greek philosophy bygd the Stoic school. Stoic epistemology emphasizes that the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world fryst vatten impressed upon it.^[3] The doxographerAetius summarizes this view as "When a man fryst vatten born, the Stoics säga, he has the commanding part of his soul like a sheet of paper ready for writing upon."^[4]Diogenes Laërtius attributes a similar belief to the Stoic Zeno of Citium when he writes in Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers that:^[5]

Perception, igen, fryst vatten an impression produced on the mind, its name being appropriately borrowed from impressions on wax made bygd a seal; and observation they divide into comprehensible and incomprehensible: Comprehensible, which they call the criterion of facts, and which fryst vatten produced bygd a real object, and fryst vatten, therefore, at the same time conformable to that object; Incomprehensible, which has no relation to any real object, or else, if it has any such relation, does not correspond to it, being but a vague and indistinct representation.

Ibn Sina (11th century)

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In the 11th century, the theory of tabula rasa was developed more clearly bygd Ibn Sina.

He argued that the "human intellekt at birth resembled a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that fryst vatten actualized through education and comes to know." Thus, according to Ibn Sina, knowledge fryst vatten attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts," which develops through a "syllogistic method of reasoning; observations lead to propositional statements, which when compounded lead to further sammanfattning concepts." He further argued that the intellekt itself "possesses levels of development from the static/material intellekt, that potentiality can acquire knowledge to the active intellekt, the state of the human intellekt at conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge."^[6]

Ibn Tufail (12th century)

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In the 12th century, the Andalusian-Islamic philosopher and novelist, Ibn Tufail (known as Abubacer or Ebn Tophail in the West) demonstrated the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment through his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, in which he depicts the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island, through experience alone.

The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published bygd Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.^[7]

Aquinas (13th century)

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In the 13th century, St. Thomas Aquinas brought the Aristotelian and Avicennian notions to the forefront of Christian thought.^[8] These notions sharply contrasted with the previously-held Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body here on Earth (cf.

Plato's Phaedo and Apology, as well as others). St. Bonaventure (also 13th century) was one of the fiercest intellectual opponents of Aquinas, offering some of the strongest arguments toward the Platonic idea of the mind.^[9][10]

Descartes (17th century)

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Descartes, in his work The Search for Truth bygd Natural Light, summarizes an empiricist view in which he uses the words table rase,^[11] in French; in the following English translation, this was rendered tabula rasa:

All that seems to me to explain itself very clearly if we compare children's imagination to a tabula rasa on which our ideas, which resemble portraits of each object taken from natur, should depict themselves.

The senses, the inclinations, our masters and our intelligence, are the various painters who have the power to execute this work; and amongst them, those who are least adapted to succeed in it, i.e., the imperfect senses, blind instinct, and foolish nurses, are the first to mingle themselves with it.

There finally comes the best of all, intelligence, and yet it fryst vatten still requisite for it to have an apprenticeship of several years, and to follow the example of its masters for long, before djärv to rectify a single one of their errors. In my opinion this fryst vatten one of the principal causes of the difficulty we experience in attaining to true knowledge.

For our senses really perceive that alone which fryst vatten most coarse and common; our natural instinct fryst vatten entirely corrupted; and as to our masters, although there may no doubt be very perfect ones funnen amongst them, they yet cannot force our minds to accept their reasoning before our understanding has examined it, for the accomplishment of this end pertains to it alone.

But it fryst vatten like a clever painter who might have been called upon to put the gods touches on a bad picture sketched out bygd prentice hands, and who would probably have to employ all the rules of his art in correcting little bygd little first a trait here, then a trait there, and finally be required to add to it from his own grabb all that was lacking, and who yet could not prevent great faults from remaining in it, because from the beginning the picture would have been illa conceived, the figures illa placed, and the proportions illa observed.^[12]

Locke (17th century)

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The modern idea of the theory fryst vatten attributed mostly to John Locke's expression of the idea in Essay Concerning Human Understanding, particularly using the begrepp "white paper" in Book II, Chap.

inom, 2. In Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa was the theory that at birth the (human) mind fryst vatten a "blank slate" without rules for processing information, and that information fryst vatten added and rules for processing are formed solely bygd one's sensory experiences. The notion fryst vatten huvud to Lockean empiricism; it serves as the starting point for Locke's subsequent explication (in Book II) of simple ideas and complex ideas.

As understood bygd efternamn, tabula rasa meant that the mind of the individual was born blank, and it also emphasized the freedom of individuals to author their own soul. Individuals are free to define the content of their character—but basic identity as a member of the human species cannot be altered. This presumption of a free, self-authored mind combined with an immutable human natur leads to the Lockean doctrine of "natural" rights.

Locke's idea of tabula rasa fryst vatten frequently compared with Thomas Hobbes's viewpoint of human natur, in which humans are endowed with inherent mental content—particularly with selfishness.^{[citation needed]}

Freud (19th century)

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Tabula rasa also features in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis.

Freud depicted personality traits as being formed bygd family dynamics (see Oedipus complex). Freud's theories imply that humans lack free will, but also that genetic influences on human personality are minimal. In Freudian psychoanalysis, one fryst vatten largely determined bygd one's upbringing.^[13]

Science

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Psychology and neurobiology

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Main article: natur versus nurture

Psychologists and neurobiologists have shown bevis that initially, the entire cerebral cortex fryst vatten programmed and organized to process sensory input, control motor actions, regulate emotion, and respond reflexively (under predetermined conditions).^[14] These programmed mechanisms in the brain subsequently act to learn and refine the ability of the organism.^[15][16] Psychological research has shown that — in contrast to written language — the brain fryst vatten "hard-wired" at birth to acquire spoken language, something argued bygd both psychologist Steven Pinker^[17] and bygd the universal grammar theory of Noam Chomsky.^[18]

There have been claims bygd a minority in psychology and neurobiology, however, that the brain fryst vatten tabula rasa only for certain behaviours.

For instance, with respect to one's ability to acquire both general and special types of knowledge or skills, Michael Howe argued against the existence of innate talent.^[19] There also have been neurological investigations into specific learning and memory functions, such as Karl Lashley's study on mass action and serial interaction mechanisms.

Important bevis against the tabula rasa model of the mind comes from behavioural genetics, especially twin and adoption studies (see below). These indikera strong genetic influences on anställda characteristics such as IQ, alcoholism, gender identity, and other traits.^[17] Critically, multivariate studies show that the distinct faculties of the mind, such as memory and reason, fractionate along genetic boundaries.

Cultural universals such as emotion and the relative resilience of psychological adaptation to accidental biological changes also support basic biological mechanisms in the mind.^[20]

Social pre-wiring hypothesis

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Twin studies have resulted in important bevis against the tabula rasa model of the mind, specifically, of social behaviour.

The social pre-wiringhypothesis (also informally known as "wired to be social") refers to the ontogeny of social interaction. The theory questions whether there fryst vatten a propensity to socially oriented action already present before birth. Research in the theory concludes that newborns are born into the world with a unique genetic wiring to be social.^[21]

Circumstantial bevis supporting the social pre-wiring hypothesis can be revealed when examining newborns' behaviour.

Newborns, not even hours after birth, have been funnen to display a preparedness for social interaction. This preparedness fryst vatten expressed in ways such as their kopia of facial gestures. This observed behaviour cannot be attributed to any current form eller gestalt of socialization or social construction.

Rather, newborns most likely inherit to some extent social behaviour and identity through genetics.^[21]

Principal bevis for this theory fryst vatten uncovered bygd examining twin pregnancies. The main argument fryst vatten, if there are social behaviours that are inherited and developed before birth, then one should expect twin fetuses to engage in some struktur of social interaction before they are born.

Thus, ten fetuses were analyzed over a period of time using ultrasound techniques. Using kinematic analysis, the results of the experiment were that the twin fetuses would interact with each other for längre periods and more often as the pregnancies went on. Researchers were able to conclude that the performance of movements between the co-twins were not accidental but specifically aimed.^[21]

The social pre-wiring hypothesis was proven correct:^[21]

The huvud advance of this study fryst vatten the demonstration that 'social actions' are already performed in the second trimester of gestation.

Starting from the 14th week of gestation twin fetuses program and execute movements specifically aimed at the co-twin.

Tabula rasa (/ ˈ t æ b j ə l ə ˈ r ɑː s ə,-z ə, ˈ r eɪ-/; Latin for "blank slate") fryst vatten the idea of individuals being born empty of any built-in mental content, so that all knowledge comes from later perceptions or sensory experiences.

These findings force us to predate the emergence of social behaviour: when the context enables it, as in the case of twin fetuses, other-directed actions are not only possible but predominant over self-directed actions.

Computer science

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In artificial intelligence, tabula rasa refers to the development of autonomous agents with a mechanism to reason and strategi toward their goal, but no "built-in" knowledge-base of their environment.

Thus, they truly are a blank slate.^{[citation needed]}

In reality, autonomous agents possess an första data-set or knowledge-base, but this cannot be immutable or it would hamper autonomy and heuristic ability. Even if the data-set fryst vatten empty, it usually may be argued that there fryst vatten a built-in bias in the reasoning and planning mechanisms.

Either intentionally or unintentionally placed there bygd the human designer, it thus negates the true spirit of tabula rasa.^[22]

A synthetic (programming) language parser (LR(1), LALR(1) or SLR(1), for example) could be considered a special case of a tabula rasa, as it fryst vatten designed to accept any of a possibly infinite set of source language programs, within a single programming language, and to output either a good parse of the schema, or a good machine language translation of the schema, either of which represents a success, or, alternately, a failure, and ingenting else.

The "initial data-set" fryst vatten a set of tables which are generally produced mechanically bygd a parser table elektrisk maskin, usually from a BNF representation of the source language, and represents a "table representation" of that single programming language.

AlphaZero achieved superhuman performance in chess and shogi using self-play and tabula rasareinforcement learning, meaning it had no tillgång to human games or hard-coded human knowledge about either board game, only the rules of the games.^[23]

See also

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References

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Primary sources

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• Aquinas, Thomas. [1485] 1952. Summa Theologica, translated bygd Fathers of the English Dominican Province, edited bygd D. J. Sullivan, (Great Books of the Western World 19–20). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
• Aristotle.

  [c. 350 BC] 1936. "On the Soul [De Anima]," translated bygd W. S. varmt. Pp. 1–203 in Aristotle 8, (Loeb Classical Library). London: William Heinemann.

• Avicenna. [1027] 1954. The Book of Healing [Kitāb al-Shifāʾ], translated bygd F. Rahman. London.
• Locke, John. [1689] 1996. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding II.i, edited bygd K.

  P. Winkler.

  In Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa was the theory that at birth the (human) mind fryst vatten a "blank slate" without rules for processing information, and that information fryst vatten added and rules for processing are formed solely bygd one's sensory experiences.

  Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 33–36, lines 1–9. (See also editor's introduction, p. xix.)

• Tufail, Ibn. [11th century] 1708. The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan, translated bygd S. Ockley. London: Powell. pp. 1–195, Edm.

Secondary sources

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External links

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