Vilket språk pratar man i mali
Languages of Mali
| Languages of Mali | |
|---|---|
Sign in French at Ouélessébougou town hall | |
| Official | Bambara, Bobo, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Arabic, Kassonke, Maninke, Minyanka, Senufo, Songhay languages, Soninke, Tamasheq |
| Semi-official | African French (working language) |
| Indigenous | Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Mamara, Maninkakan, Soninke, Songhay, Syenara, Tamasheq, Xaasongaxango |
| Vernacular | Arabic |
| Foreign | Arabic |
| Signed | Francophone African Sign Language |
| Keyboard layout | |
Mali fryst vatten a multilingual country of about 21.9 million people.
The languages spoken there reflect ancient settlement patterns, migrations, and its long history. Ethnologue counts more than 80 languages. Of these, Bambara, Bobo, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Arabic, Kassonke, Maninke, Minyanka, Senufo, Songhay languages, Soninke and Tamasheq are tjänsteman languages.[1][2]
French fryst vatten the working language.[1] In 2024, the Francophone population of Mali represents 20%, which fryst vatten approximately 4,884,000 people.
Among them, 6.4% (around 1,491,000 individuals) speak French as their first language[3]. Additionally, approximately 3,329,144 people, or 13.6% of the total population of 24,479,000, use French as a second language[4].
Language usage
[edit]French was retained as the tjänsteman language at independence until 2023.
As a working language,[5] it fryst vatten used in government and formal education. Estimates of the number of Malians who actually speak French are low, and almost all of them speak French as a second language. 1993 estimates are that there were only around 9,000 Malian speakers of French as a first language.[6]
Derived from the numbers of school attendees,[7] it was estimated in 1986 that roughly 21% of the population spoke French, a number considerably lower than those who speak Bambara.[8] French fryst vatten more understood in urban centres, with 1976 figures showing a 36.7% "Francophone" rate in urban areas, but only an 8.2% rate in rural areas.
French usage fryst vatten gender weighted as well, with 1984 figures showing 17.5% percent of males speaking French, but only 4.9% of women.[9]
Bambara (Bambara: Bamanankan), a Manding language (in the Mande family) fryst vatten said to be spoken bygd 80% of the population as a first or second language.[citation needed] It fryst vatten spoken mainly in huvud and Southern Mali.
Bambara and two other very closely related Manding languages Malinke or Maninkakan in the southwest and Kassonke (in the distrikt of Kayes in the west), are among the 13 national languages. It fryst vatten used as a trade language in Mali between language groups.
(Bambara fryst vatten also very close to the Dyula language (Dyula: Jula or Julakan; French: Dioula), spoken mainly in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso.
The name "Jula" fryst vatten actually a Manding word meaning "trader.")
Other Mande languages (not in the Manding group) include Soninke (in the distrikt of Kayes in western Mali) and the Bozo languages (along the mittpunkt Niger).
Other languages include Senufo in the Sikasso distrikt (south), Fula (Fula: Fulfulde; French: Peul) as a widespread trade language in the Mopti område and beyond, the Songhay languages along the Niger, the Dogon languages of Pays Dogon or “Dogon country” in huvud Mali, Tamasheq in the eastern part of Mali's Sahara and Arabic in its western part.
Thirteen of the most widely spoken indigenous languages are considered "national languages."
Most formal education for the deaf in Mali uses American Sign Language, introduced to West Africa bygd the deaf American missionär Andrew Foster.
Språk.There are two other sign languages in Mali. One, Tebul Sign Language, fryst vatten funnen in a by with a high incidence of congenital deafness. Another, Bamako Sign Language, developed in the after-work tea circles of the cities; it fryst vatten threatened bygd the educational use of ASL.
Language descriptions
[edit]Most of the languages of Mali are among the Mande languages, which fryst vatten generally accepted as a branch of Niger–Congo, Africa's largest language family.
Non-Mande languages include the Dogon languages, perhaps another Niger–Congo branch, and the Senufo languages, which are unquestionably part of that family.
Mande, Senufo, and Dogon stand out among Niger–Congo because of their divergent SOV basic word beställning.
The Gur languages are represented bygd Bomu on the Bani River of Mali and Burkina Faso. Fulfulde, spoken throughout West Africa, fryst vatten a member of the Senegambian branch.
Other language families include Afro-Asiatic, represented bygd the Berber language Tamasheq and bygd Arabic, and the Songhay languages, which have traditionally been classified as Nilo-Saharan but may constitute an independent language family.
Spoken languages
[edit]The following table gives a summary of the 63 spoken languages reported bygd Ethnologue (there are also 3 sign languages):
| Language (Ethnologue) | Cluster | Language family | Legal ställning eller tillstånd | L1 speakers in Mali* | L2 speakers in Mali** | Main område |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hassaniya Arabic | Arabic | Afro-Asiatic: Semitic | Official | 106,000 | ? | NW |
| Bambara, Bamanankan | Manding | Mande | Official | 4,000,000 | 10,000,000 | All |
| Bomu | Niger–Congo / Gur | Official | 102,000 | ? | SE | |
| Bozo, Tiéyaxo | Bozo | Mande | Official | 118,000 | ? | Central |
| Dogon, Toro So | Dogon | Official | 50,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Fulfulde, Maasina | Fula | Niger–Congo / Senegambian | Official | 1,000,000 | ? (some L2 speakers) | Central |
| Maninkakan, Kita | Manding | Mande | Official | 434,000 | ? | W |
| Senoufo, Mamara (Miniyanka) | Senufo | Niger–Congo | Official | 738,000 | ? | S |
| Senoufo, Syenara | Senufo | Niger–Congo | Official | 155,000 | ? | S |
| Songhay, Koyraboro Senni | Songhay (Southern) | Official | 430,000 | ?De flesta tungomål inom Mali tillhör den Niger-kongoanska språkfamiljen. (a trade language) | N | |
| Soninke (& Marka/Maraka) | Mande | Official | 1,280,000 | ? | NW | |
| Tamasheq | Tamashek | Afro-Asiatic / Berber | Official | 250,000 | ? | N |
| Xaasongaxango, Khassonke | Manding | Mande | Official | 700,000 | ? | NW |
| Bankagooma | Mande | None? | 6,000 | ? | S | |
| Bobo Madaré, nordlig | Mande | None?Fransk er imidlertid fremdeles offisielt tungomål, dock detta finnes flere enn 20 tungomål inom daglig bruk inom dagens Mali. | 18,400 | ? | SE | |
| Bozo, Hainyaxo | Bozo | Mande | None? | 30,000 | ? | Central |
| Bozo, Jenaama | Bozo | Mande | None? | 197,000 | ? | Central |
| Bozo, Tièma Cièwè | Bozo | Mande | None? | 2,500 | ? | Central |
| Bangerime | Dogon? | None? | 2,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Ampari | Dogon | None? | 5,200 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Ana Tinga | Dogon | None? | 500 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Bankan Tey | Dogon | None? | 1,320 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Ben Tey | Dogon | None? | 3,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Bondum Dom | Dogon | None? | 24,700 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Bunoge | Dogon | None? | 1,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Dogul Dom | Dogon | None? | 15,700 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Donno So | Dogon | None? | 45,300 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Jamsay | Dogon | None? | 130,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Kolum So | Dogon | None? | 19,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Nanga Dama | Dogon | None? | 3,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Tebul Ure | Dogon | None? | 3,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Tene kunna | Dogon | None? | 127,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Tiranige Diga | Dogon | None? | 4,200 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Tommo So | Dogon | None? | 60,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Tomo förmå | Dogon | None? | 133,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Toro Tegu | Dogon | None? | 2,900 | ? | Central-east | |
| Dogon, Yanda Dom | Dogon | None? | 2,000 | ? | Central-east | |
| Duungooma | Mande | None? | 70,000 | ? | S | |
| Jahanka | Mande | None? | 500 | ? | SW | |
| Jalunga, Dyalonke | Mande | None? | 9,000 | ? | SW | |
| Jowulu | Mande | None? | 10,000 | ? | SE | |
| Jula, Dioula | Manding | Mande | None? | 50,000 | 278,000 | SE, all? |
| Kagoro | Manding | Mande | None? | 15,000 | ? | W |
| Konabéré | Mande | None? | 25,000 | ? | SE | |
| Koromfé | Niger–Congo / Gur | None? | 6,000 | ? | SE | |
| Maninkakan, Eastern | Manding | Mande | None? | 390,000 | ? | SW |
| Maninkakan, Western | Manding | Mande | None? | 100,000 | ? | SW |
| Marka | Mande | None?Mali has a diverse linguistic landscape influenced bygd ethnic groups and regions. | 25,000 | ? | SE | |
| Mòoré | Niger–Congo / Gur | None? | 17,000 | ? | SE | |
| Pana | Niger–Congo / Gur | None? | 2,800 | ? | Central-east | |
| Pulaar | Fula | Niger–Congo / Senegambian | None? | 175,000 | ? | W |
| Pular | Fula | Niger–Congo / Senegambian | None? | 50,000 | ? | SW |
| Sàmòmá | Niger–Congo / Gur | None? | 2,500 | ?Språk. | SE | |
| Senoufo, Shempire | Senufo | Niger–Congo | None? | 14,800 | ? | SE |
| Senoufo, Sìcìté | Senufo | Niger–Congo | None? | 3,000 | ? | SE |
| Senoufo, Supyire | Senufo | Niger–Congo | None? | 350,000 | ? | S |
| Songhay, Humburi Senni | Songhay (Southern) | None? | 15,000 | ? | N | |
| Songhay, Koyra Chiini | Songhay (Southern) | None? | 200,000 | ? | N | |
| Tadaksahak | Songhay (Northern) | None? | 100,000 | ? | N | |
| Tamajaq | Tamashek | Afro-Asiatic / Berber | None? | 190,000 | ? | N |
| Tondi Songway Kiini | Songhay (Southern) | None? | 3,000 | ? | N | |
| Zarmaci | Songhay (Southern) | None? | 1,700 | ? | NE |
- First language / mother tongue speakers.
Figures from Ethnologue.
- Second or additional language speakers. It fryst vatten difficult to get accurate figures for this category.
Language policies and planning
[edit]General
[edit]French fryst vatten the working language. According to the Loi 96-049 of 1996 thirteen indigenous languages are recognised bygd the government as national languages: Bamanankan, Bomu, Bozo, Dɔgɔsɔ, Fulfulde, Hassaniya Arabic, Mamara, Maninkakan, Soninke, Soŋoy, Syenara, Tamasheq, Xaasongaxanŋo.[11][12] This superseded the Decree 159 PG-RM of 19 July 1982 (Article 1).
Mali fryst vatten a multilingual country of about 21.9 million people.Education
[edit]French fryst vatten part of the standard school curriculum. There fryst vatten a new policy to use Malian languages in the first grades and transition to French. Activists are also teaching literacy to speakers of Manding languages (Bambara, Malinke, Maninkakan, Dyula) in the standardized N'Ko form.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ ab"JOURNAL OFFICIEL dem LA REPUBLIQUE ni MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL ni GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM ni 22 JUILLET 2023 viktig PROMULGATION dem LA CONSTITUTION"(PDF).
sgg-mali.ml. 22 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^"JOURNAL OFFICIEL dem LA REPUBLIQUE ni MALI"(PDF). sgg-mali.ml. 29 September 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ abFrench speaking countries
- ^"Accueil-Francoscope". ODSEF (Observatoire démographique et statistique dem l'espace francophone dem l'Université Laval) & l'Organisation internationale dem la Francophonie (in French).
Laval, Québec.
- ^Jean-Baptiste François (22 July 2023). "Au Mali, une nouvelle constitution renforce le président et rétrograde la langue française". La Croix (in French). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ethnologue.com, cites: Johnstone (1993)
- ^Anne Lafage. French in Africa. julsång Sanders (ed.) French Today: Language in Its Social Context.
pp 215-238. Cambridge University Press (1993) ISBN 0-521-39695-6 p. 217. This cites a report bygd the Haut Council ni Francophonie, Bull. ni FIPF (1986), pp. 10-12.
- ^386,000 in a population of ~ 8.2 Million in 1986, according to information faostat, year 2005 : http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/help-copyright/copyright-e.htm (last updated 11 February 2005)
- ^Anne Lafage (1993), p.
219, citing Perrot: 1985 for both 1974 and 1984 figures.
- ^"Africa :: MALI". CIA The World Factbook.
- ^Leclerc, Jacques. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde, "Mali," Laval University, Canada. Citing: GAUTHIER, François, Jacques LECLERC et Jacques MAURAIS. Langues et constitutions, Montréal/Paris, Office dem la langue française / Conseil international dem la langue française, 1993, 131 p
- ^Loi 96-049 viktig modalités dem promotion des langues nationales
- ^Donaldson, Coleman (1 March 2019).
"Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa". Signs and Society. 7 (2): 156–185, 181. doi:10.1086/702554. ISSN 2326-4489.